There's no argument that discovering you have heart disease is an extremely upsetting and traumatic time for not only you as the sufferer, but also for the other people in your life who are likely to be affected by the news, whether this is your immediate family, your loved ones or even your work colleagues. For many individuals, this news has come as a complete surprise and may have even been discovered as a result of tests for something completely unrelated. This is a very common occurrence as many people do not realise there is a problem until; the symptoms of something more serious present themselves, such as a sharp chest pain from a suspected heart attack.
For many individuals, a diagnosis of heart disease does not necessarily mean that they need to 'prepare for the worst'. In fact, heart disease that is recognised within a sensible time frame can often be managed or treated very well indeed. There's now a wide range of treatments and medications which have been developed through scientific research into this condition. In addition, some sufferers with early signs may be able to alter their lifestyle and manage the condition through preventative lifestyle changes, such as controlling the level of fatty foods consumed on a regular basis or increasing the level of physical exercise the sufferer undertakes in order to improve general health and improve the condition of the heart. Many approaches like this can be specifically recommended by your doctor or healthcare professional, but the key here is to understand that conventional medicine is not always the only option available. As with all types of illnesses and ailments, there's a range when it comes to how serious a problem is. Some sufferers may not realise the problem exists due to a very mild case, while others may require more positive action and treatment to address.
Living with heart disease is understandably difficult and can have an enormous impact way beyond the scope of most non-sufferers. This means it can often be difficult for those being supportive to actual have a realistic grasp of the difficulties and worrying being faced by the sufferer. It is important to remember that coping and living with heart disease is a matter of adjustment and does not signal the end of life as you know it. With support and the implementation of careful changes, you can learn to live a full and contented life while managing heart disease well.
Showing posts with label Disease. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Disease. Show all posts
Wednesday, 31 October 2012
Tuesday, 23 October 2012
Diet and Heart Disease
Approximately thirty-five years ago public health authorities in the United States decided that people should limit fat in their diet, primarily saturated fat. The main concern was as that saturated fats raise blood cholesterol and increases the risk of heart disease. The McGovern committee's report, "Dietary Goals for The United States" was published in 1977. Although possibly not based on solid scientific data, the committee's main results were confirmed a few years later by the USDA. The main conclusion was that Americans should "avoid too much fat, saturated fat and cholesterol".
Soon, the demonization of fat, primarily saturated fat, spread around the globe. Public health authorities in Scandinavia and the rest of Europe based their recommendation on the same arguments as the USDA. Although possibly a misinterpretation or oversimplification of the available evidence, in a few years time this led to something we could call the "low-fat mania".
Food manufacturers started providing us with low-fat varieties of almost every food alternative we know. But, fat is difficult to replace, because it is an essential component of good and tasty food. Instead of fat, different types of refined simple sugars, such as the famous high fructose corn syrup were used to make people like the low-fat varieties.
As the years went by it became apparent that obesity was on the rise. People were getting fatter and fatter, despite all the low-fat food. Furthermore, type 2 diabetes seemed to be skyrocketing. Was it because we were not following the public health guidelines or was it because of the guidelines themselves? Is it possible that public authorities were wrong? Is it sensible to make general recommendations on diet and nutrition that applies for everybody? Should the obese, sedentary, middle-aged male follow the same diet recommendation as the thirty years younger normal weight, well-trained university student?
Death rate from coronary heart disease has declined in the United States and Europe for the last 25-30 years. This is due to many different factors. Medical and surgical therapy has improved, smoking has become less frequent, cholesterol levels are lower and treatment of high blood pressure has improved. We do not know whether dietary recommendations have been helpful in this respect. However, many specialists believe that the increased frequency of obesity and type 2 diabetes may soon reverse the declining death rate from heart disease,
Recent research and experience has shows that one of the most effective way for an obese or overweight person to lose weight was to cut down on carbohydrates and increase fat consumption. This concept was but forward by Dr. Robert Atkins in his book, The Atkins Diet Revolution, published 1972. Although severely criticized by the scientific and medical community at that time, the low carbohydrate, high fat concepts have survived the test of time. The low carbohydrate supporters blame the "low-fat mania", induced by public health recommendations for the current obesity epidemic, that they say is all down to over consumption of sugars and carbohydrates.
For many years, a huge discussion has evolved around the concept that a calorie is a calorie. If you eat more than you burn, you will gain weight, if you burn more than you eat you will lose weight. If this is true, the cause of obesity is quite simply that people eat too much and exercise to little. The cure for obesity would also be very simple; eat less and exercise more.
However, there is a lot of evidence indicating that it is not all about calories. Some recent studies have indicated that weight loss seems to be greater on a low-carbohydrate diet than on a conventional low-fat diet that has the same number of calories. However, this is not true for all studies. Different macronutrients may possibly have different effects depending on individual factors, such as stature, body weight, age, metabolism, insulin resistance and level of physical exercise.
Recent scientific evidence indicates that public health authorities may have to reconsider their recommendations on the consumption of macronutrients such as fat and carbohydrates. The fear of fats may have been overemphasized and there is evidence that over consumption of sugar and simple refined carbohydrates may be an important causative factor in the current obesity epidemic.
Soon, the demonization of fat, primarily saturated fat, spread around the globe. Public health authorities in Scandinavia and the rest of Europe based their recommendation on the same arguments as the USDA. Although possibly a misinterpretation or oversimplification of the available evidence, in a few years time this led to something we could call the "low-fat mania".
Food manufacturers started providing us with low-fat varieties of almost every food alternative we know. But, fat is difficult to replace, because it is an essential component of good and tasty food. Instead of fat, different types of refined simple sugars, such as the famous high fructose corn syrup were used to make people like the low-fat varieties.
As the years went by it became apparent that obesity was on the rise. People were getting fatter and fatter, despite all the low-fat food. Furthermore, type 2 diabetes seemed to be skyrocketing. Was it because we were not following the public health guidelines or was it because of the guidelines themselves? Is it possible that public authorities were wrong? Is it sensible to make general recommendations on diet and nutrition that applies for everybody? Should the obese, sedentary, middle-aged male follow the same diet recommendation as the thirty years younger normal weight, well-trained university student?
Death rate from coronary heart disease has declined in the United States and Europe for the last 25-30 years. This is due to many different factors. Medical and surgical therapy has improved, smoking has become less frequent, cholesterol levels are lower and treatment of high blood pressure has improved. We do not know whether dietary recommendations have been helpful in this respect. However, many specialists believe that the increased frequency of obesity and type 2 diabetes may soon reverse the declining death rate from heart disease,
Recent research and experience has shows that one of the most effective way for an obese or overweight person to lose weight was to cut down on carbohydrates and increase fat consumption. This concept was but forward by Dr. Robert Atkins in his book, The Atkins Diet Revolution, published 1972. Although severely criticized by the scientific and medical community at that time, the low carbohydrate, high fat concepts have survived the test of time. The low carbohydrate supporters blame the "low-fat mania", induced by public health recommendations for the current obesity epidemic, that they say is all down to over consumption of sugars and carbohydrates.
For many years, a huge discussion has evolved around the concept that a calorie is a calorie. If you eat more than you burn, you will gain weight, if you burn more than you eat you will lose weight. If this is true, the cause of obesity is quite simply that people eat too much and exercise to little. The cure for obesity would also be very simple; eat less and exercise more.
However, there is a lot of evidence indicating that it is not all about calories. Some recent studies have indicated that weight loss seems to be greater on a low-carbohydrate diet than on a conventional low-fat diet that has the same number of calories. However, this is not true for all studies. Different macronutrients may possibly have different effects depending on individual factors, such as stature, body weight, age, metabolism, insulin resistance and level of physical exercise.
Recent scientific evidence indicates that public health authorities may have to reconsider their recommendations on the consumption of macronutrients such as fat and carbohydrates. The fear of fats may have been overemphasized and there is evidence that over consumption of sugar and simple refined carbohydrates may be an important causative factor in the current obesity epidemic.
Fat and Heart Disease
For decades, the consumption of dietary fats, saturated fats in particular, has been associated with the risk of heart disease. Recently, however, this association has been strongly debated by many specialists.
Physiologically fats are long chains of carbohydrate molecules. The predominant fats in foods and in the body are triglycerides which are made up of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule. Sterols, such as cholesterol and phospholipids, are also common types of dietary fat.
Fatty acids are chains of carbon and hydrogen, ending with a so-called carboxyl group. The chain lengths vary from 4 to 24 carbons. The term saturated implies that all hydrogen bonds are used (thus, the term saturated) and no more hydrogen atoms can therefore be incorporated into the molecule. The term unsaturated means that there is room for more hydrogen atoms, monounsaturated meaning that there is room for one such atom and polyunsaturated meaning that there is room for more than one atoms. Although so-called trans fats may be found in small amounts in nature, they are usually produced synthetically by partial hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. This is done in food processing to make liquid oils more solid and to increase the shelf life of the product. Trans fatty acids have been shown to increase the risk of heart disease.
From a health perspective, there are certain fats that are considered important due to their proposed effect on heart disease. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as omega - 3 are considered healthy options. Usually, however, fats in food are a combination of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. We commonly tend to identify fat in the food based on the type of fatty acid that is predominant. Butter and steak for example predominantly contain saturated fatty acids and olive oil for example contains mainly unsaturated fatty acids.
The polyunsaturated omega - 6 and omega - 3 are building blocks for the so-called prostaglandins. The prostaglandins play an important role for inflammation in the human body. Omega-3 are building blocks for anti-inflammatory prostaglandins and the omega-6 are building block for inflammatory ones. Both these fats therefore play an important role. However, it has been suggested that the overabundance of omega-6 in the western diet compared to omega-3 may be undesirable.
Some studies indicate that consumption of saturated fats may increase blood levels of LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C). There is an association between blood levels of LDL- c and the risk of cardiovascular disease. Some studies have shown that replacing saturated fatty acids with polyunsaturated may decrease the risk of heart disease. Otherwise, there is indeed very weak scientific evidence linking saturated fat with increased risk for cardiovascular disease. For example, there is no evidence that that replacing saturated fats with carbohydrates is beneficial.
The main reason saturated fats are linked to an increased risk of heart disease is their tendency to elevate LDL-C. The lower the blood levels of this substance, the less risk of heart disease. This observation has been the main focus of dietary recommendations in heart disease prevention for decades. However, saturated fats seem to raise HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and lower triglycerides, which may actually reduce the risk of heart disease.
It is important not to confuse saturated fat with trans fat. Saturated fat is a natural fat found in animal products such as meat, milk and cheese. Saturated fat is also typically found in tropical oils such as coconut, palm and palm kernel oils. On the other hand, the majority of trans fats in our food are manufactured
Although saturated fats are often thought of as a group, it is important to keep in mind that they are not all the same. There are many different types of saturated fats and they may have different health effects. Grouping them all together is based on their chemical nature, not their effects on health. Saturated fats with carbon chain lengths of 14 (myristic) and 16 (palmitic), which are chiefly found in full fat dairy products and red meat, are most likely to increase blood levels of cholesterol. Stearic acid (18 carbon) which is also found in beef, and is the main fatty acid of cocoa butter, appears to increase cholesterol less.
A summary of available studies, recently published in The European Journal of Nutrition, indicated that dairy fat consumption does not increase the risk of heart disease. A metaanalysis, published 2010 in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, did not show an association between the intake of saturated fats and coronary artery disease.
Thus, the common assumption that saturated fats are associated with heart disease appears to lack scientific evidence.
Physiologically fats are long chains of carbohydrate molecules. The predominant fats in foods and in the body are triglycerides which are made up of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule. Sterols, such as cholesterol and phospholipids, are also common types of dietary fat.
Fatty acids are chains of carbon and hydrogen, ending with a so-called carboxyl group. The chain lengths vary from 4 to 24 carbons. The term saturated implies that all hydrogen bonds are used (thus, the term saturated) and no more hydrogen atoms can therefore be incorporated into the molecule. The term unsaturated means that there is room for more hydrogen atoms, monounsaturated meaning that there is room for one such atom and polyunsaturated meaning that there is room for more than one atoms. Although so-called trans fats may be found in small amounts in nature, they are usually produced synthetically by partial hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. This is done in food processing to make liquid oils more solid and to increase the shelf life of the product. Trans fatty acids have been shown to increase the risk of heart disease.
From a health perspective, there are certain fats that are considered important due to their proposed effect on heart disease. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as omega - 3 are considered healthy options. Usually, however, fats in food are a combination of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. We commonly tend to identify fat in the food based on the type of fatty acid that is predominant. Butter and steak for example predominantly contain saturated fatty acids and olive oil for example contains mainly unsaturated fatty acids.
The polyunsaturated omega - 6 and omega - 3 are building blocks for the so-called prostaglandins. The prostaglandins play an important role for inflammation in the human body. Omega-3 are building blocks for anti-inflammatory prostaglandins and the omega-6 are building block for inflammatory ones. Both these fats therefore play an important role. However, it has been suggested that the overabundance of omega-6 in the western diet compared to omega-3 may be undesirable.
Some studies indicate that consumption of saturated fats may increase blood levels of LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C). There is an association between blood levels of LDL- c and the risk of cardiovascular disease. Some studies have shown that replacing saturated fatty acids with polyunsaturated may decrease the risk of heart disease. Otherwise, there is indeed very weak scientific evidence linking saturated fat with increased risk for cardiovascular disease. For example, there is no evidence that that replacing saturated fats with carbohydrates is beneficial.
The main reason saturated fats are linked to an increased risk of heart disease is their tendency to elevate LDL-C. The lower the blood levels of this substance, the less risk of heart disease. This observation has been the main focus of dietary recommendations in heart disease prevention for decades. However, saturated fats seem to raise HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and lower triglycerides, which may actually reduce the risk of heart disease.
It is important not to confuse saturated fat with trans fat. Saturated fat is a natural fat found in animal products such as meat, milk and cheese. Saturated fat is also typically found in tropical oils such as coconut, palm and palm kernel oils. On the other hand, the majority of trans fats in our food are manufactured
Although saturated fats are often thought of as a group, it is important to keep in mind that they are not all the same. There are many different types of saturated fats and they may have different health effects. Grouping them all together is based on their chemical nature, not their effects on health. Saturated fats with carbon chain lengths of 14 (myristic) and 16 (palmitic), which are chiefly found in full fat dairy products and red meat, are most likely to increase blood levels of cholesterol. Stearic acid (18 carbon) which is also found in beef, and is the main fatty acid of cocoa butter, appears to increase cholesterol less.
A summary of available studies, recently published in The European Journal of Nutrition, indicated that dairy fat consumption does not increase the risk of heart disease. A metaanalysis, published 2010 in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, did not show an association between the intake of saturated fats and coronary artery disease.
Thus, the common assumption that saturated fats are associated with heart disease appears to lack scientific evidence.
Monday, 17 September 2012
Heart Disease - What Signs Should You Be Looking for?
There are a variety of symptoms and signs that are commonly associated with heart disease and the suffering it can cause. Considering that it is unlikely that every sufferer will be aware of their existing condition until it culminates in a more serious event, such as a heart attack, it is crucial that we as a population become more aware of the signs that can literally be a life saver when it comes to early detection of heart disease. These signs can vary depending on the individual experiencing them and everybody may react different to the conditions, however, as a general rule, there are some very prevalent signs that can be a strong indication of the existence of heart disease.
Some of the more obvious signs and symptoms include a shortness of breath during movement that would not otherwise be expected to leave you exerted. This can be compounded with heart palpitations or an irregular rhythm which is unusual to yourself. Another common symptom can be a nauseas sick feeling accompanied by sweating for no explainable reason. Some individuals with heart related problems may also become aware of periods of weakness in either side of their bodies. All of these conditions are worrying enough in themselves but this is made much more concerning by the fact that the indicators for heart disease are also the same symptoms that are associated with the onset of a heart attack. The key here is to understand that any of these signs should not be ignored and should be referred to a physician as soon as possible.
While some signs and symptoms may not necessarily mean that the individual currently suffers with heart disease, there are certain factors which are beyond the control of us as a population. For example, statistics have shown that men are more prone to be sufferers of heart disease. Age can also be a deciding factor beyond our control and influence, so this should be considered when thinking about visiting a doctor to check on the health of your heart. Whilst heart disease is a huge concern, there are in existence a range of very effective treatments which can be used to address heart disease. In addition, there are many lifestyle options which can help to reduce the impact and also act as a preventative measure for those considered to be in at risk groups. Having a better understanding of the signs associated with heart problems will undoubtedly leave you in a better position to care for the health of your heart and take action quicker should you have a concern.
Some of the more obvious signs and symptoms include a shortness of breath during movement that would not otherwise be expected to leave you exerted. This can be compounded with heart palpitations or an irregular rhythm which is unusual to yourself. Another common symptom can be a nauseas sick feeling accompanied by sweating for no explainable reason. Some individuals with heart related problems may also become aware of periods of weakness in either side of their bodies. All of these conditions are worrying enough in themselves but this is made much more concerning by the fact that the indicators for heart disease are also the same symptoms that are associated with the onset of a heart attack. The key here is to understand that any of these signs should not be ignored and should be referred to a physician as soon as possible.
While some signs and symptoms may not necessarily mean that the individual currently suffers with heart disease, there are certain factors which are beyond the control of us as a population. For example, statistics have shown that men are more prone to be sufferers of heart disease. Age can also be a deciding factor beyond our control and influence, so this should be considered when thinking about visiting a doctor to check on the health of your heart. Whilst heart disease is a huge concern, there are in existence a range of very effective treatments which can be used to address heart disease. In addition, there are many lifestyle options which can help to reduce the impact and also act as a preventative measure for those considered to be in at risk groups. Having a better understanding of the signs associated with heart problems will undoubtedly leave you in a better position to care for the health of your heart and take action quicker should you have a concern.
Wednesday, 12 September 2012
How Crowded Teeth Can Increase Your Chance of Heart Disease
Did you know that having overlapping (or crowded) teeth can affect your overall health?
It may seem crazy but a study done by the Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics evaluated the risk of harmful bacteria gathering around your teeth when they are overlapping. They found that even with as little as 3mm of crowding of the lower anterior teeth, there is more risk for developing chronic inflammation of the gums. Chronic problems like periodontal disease are usually not painful and they get worse with time. It is only at a later age that the manifestations of the process that has been going on for years and even decades becomes noticeable.
This is exactly what happens with crowding of the teeth. When the teeth are overlapping it is much harder to clean, brush and floss the teeth. They accumulate more plaque and tartar which, in turn, causes accumulation of bacteria. As the tartar builds up the type of bacteria in the gums changes from aerobic ( bacteria that need oxygen to survive) to anaerobic ( bacteria that survive without oxygen). These anaerobic bacteria have been linked to some very scary diseases such as coronary heart disease. The journal of Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontology published a study in 2003 where they found "Periodontal disease appears to be associated with a 19% increase in risk of future cardiovascular disease". This risk is most prominent in people who are 65 years or younger.
What does this mean for you?
Just like everything else in life, prevention is the best, most affordable and most effective treatment. Periodontal disease can have many causes including your oral habits, genetics and how much crowding you have. There is not much you can do about genetics, but you can easily correct the crowding of lower anterior teeth with invisalign. By correcting the crowding you will decrease the chances of harboring harmful bacteria under your gums and around your teeth. These bacteria can not only lead to tooth loss and gum disease, but can have serious repercussions for your overall health as you get older. It is worth an investment now to prevent harmful periodontal disease for many years to come.
More and more adults are discovering that getting straight teeth does not mean having to wear ugly braces for years. As invisalign braces are becoming more commonplace, it is much easier to get your teeth straight in a reasonably short period of time. Most adults have to wear invisalign for about 12 months and the cost of braces can be spread over many months to make it more affordable than ever.
ExperTrans language - multilingual services
ExperTrans voice-overs services
ExperTrans interpreting translation services
Tuesday, 4 September 2012
Rheumatic Fever: A Disease of Developing Countries
Rheumatic fever can be considered as an inflammatory disease that affects the heart, joints, and the skin. This disease is basically a bacterial infection.
Some 50 years ago, rheumatic fever was one of the main childhood disease in North America and Europe that damaged heart valves of many people. These damages exhibit themselves in many elderly people as mitral stenosis, a most commonly observed heart valve disorder. But, nowadays rheumatic fever is a very rare condition in developed countries due to the use of effective antibiotics. Apart from that, standards of living have also increased with an opportunity for better housing and nutrition. Still, a few occurrences have been reported in the US in recent times but none were reported in the UK. Even though this is the situation in developed countries, rheumatic fever still affects numerous people in developing countries.
Generally, rheumatic fever develops afterwards a streptococcal bacterial infection of the throat. Such a condition happens when the immune system of our body attacks the body's own tissues due to infection.
Major symptoms
Rheumatic fever surfaces at about 1-4 weeks after the sore throat has cleared up. Commonly found symptoms includes:High fever.Swelling and aching of the joints, like knees, ankles and elbows.Characteristic pink rashes on the limbs and trunk.
In case the heart muscle gets affected, chest pain and shortness of breath may persist for some more weeks till the inflammation settles down. Also, keep in mind that a heart valve inflammation once happened, may cause a permanent damage to the valve that may lead to scarring and thickening of the valve many years later. Excessive tiredness is also another symptom of valve damage.
Steps to Be Taken:
Once rheumatic fever is diagnosed, in order to confirm the streptococcal infection a blood test is performed by taking a swab from the throat. An X-ray may also be needed to have a look at the size of the heart and to confirm whether it is inflamed or not. Another test to be conducted will be ECG. ECG will help to monitor electrical activity of the heart and to take the interior image of the heart valves.
Once diagnosed, the patient is given antibiotics to fight the infection. Also, two weeks full bed rest is advised. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines will be given to reduce the joint inflammation and fever. In addition to these, corticosteroids will be prescribed in order to reduce the inflammation. Low-dose antibiotic intake may also be required for up to five years in order to avoid recurrence of the illness.
Studies show that for around 1 in 100 people, the rheumatic fever attack becomes fatal and may cause death. Also, note that the risk of a recurrent attack is highest in the initial three years after the first infection in young people with damaged valves. After around ten years, 2 in 3 people will have a heart valve disorder that is detectable.
Some 50 years ago, rheumatic fever was one of the main childhood disease in North America and Europe that damaged heart valves of many people. These damages exhibit themselves in many elderly people as mitral stenosis, a most commonly observed heart valve disorder. But, nowadays rheumatic fever is a very rare condition in developed countries due to the use of effective antibiotics. Apart from that, standards of living have also increased with an opportunity for better housing and nutrition. Still, a few occurrences have been reported in the US in recent times but none were reported in the UK. Even though this is the situation in developed countries, rheumatic fever still affects numerous people in developing countries.
Generally, rheumatic fever develops afterwards a streptococcal bacterial infection of the throat. Such a condition happens when the immune system of our body attacks the body's own tissues due to infection.
Major symptoms
Rheumatic fever surfaces at about 1-4 weeks after the sore throat has cleared up. Commonly found symptoms includes:High fever.Swelling and aching of the joints, like knees, ankles and elbows.Characteristic pink rashes on the limbs and trunk.
In case the heart muscle gets affected, chest pain and shortness of breath may persist for some more weeks till the inflammation settles down. Also, keep in mind that a heart valve inflammation once happened, may cause a permanent damage to the valve that may lead to scarring and thickening of the valve many years later. Excessive tiredness is also another symptom of valve damage.
Steps to Be Taken:
Once rheumatic fever is diagnosed, in order to confirm the streptococcal infection a blood test is performed by taking a swab from the throat. An X-ray may also be needed to have a look at the size of the heart and to confirm whether it is inflamed or not. Another test to be conducted will be ECG. ECG will help to monitor electrical activity of the heart and to take the interior image of the heart valves.
Once diagnosed, the patient is given antibiotics to fight the infection. Also, two weeks full bed rest is advised. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines will be given to reduce the joint inflammation and fever. In addition to these, corticosteroids will be prescribed in order to reduce the inflammation. Low-dose antibiotic intake may also be required for up to five years in order to avoid recurrence of the illness.
Studies show that for around 1 in 100 people, the rheumatic fever attack becomes fatal and may cause death. Also, note that the risk of a recurrent attack is highest in the initial three years after the first infection in young people with damaged valves. After around ten years, 2 in 3 people will have a heart valve disorder that is detectable.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)